The emerging field of policy, regulation, and institutional design for artificial intelligence — addressing safety, accountability, and the alignment of AI systems with human values.

AI governance must navigate the gap between technical expertise and democratic legitimacy, between the pace of development and the pace of institutional adaptation, and between national competitive interests and global safety.

The Sufi tradition's concept of 'aql (intellect) as a faculty that must be cultivated through discipline — not merely deployed — applies to AI governance with particular force. The tradition's understanding of knowledge as carrying obligation ('ilm yujib al-'amal) challenges governance frameworks that separate capability from responsibility.