The interdisciplinary study of sustainable development — integrating environmental, social, and economic systems in long-term frameworks.

Sustainability discourse can be co-opted by greenwashing, depoliticized into technocratic optimization, or deployed to defer justice claims. The concept of sustainability itself is contested between growth-oriented and steady-state interpretations.

Sufi thought offers a critique of consumption as an end in itself that is grounded in ontology rather than scarcity. The tradition's concept of zuhd (renunciation of excess, not of life) is not asceticism but proportionality — a professional ethics of sufficiency rather than maximization.