The physics of celestial objects and the large-scale structure of the universe, including cosmology, stellar evolution, and exoplanetary science.

Astrophysics raises foundational questions about human significance, the ethics of space exploration and resource extraction, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, and existential risk from cosmic events.

The Sufi cosmological tradition — particularly the works of Ibn Arabi and Mulla Sadra — situates the physical cosmos within a larger ontological hierarchy. The heavens in classical Islamic thought are not merely objects of observation but are integrated into a framework of contingency, purpose, and divine creativity.