The study of matter, energy, and the fundamental laws governing the physical universe — from subatomic particles to cosmological structure.

Physics confronts questions its own methods cannot resolve: the observer problem in quantum mechanics, the nature of consciousness as distinct from matter, the implications of determinism for moral agency, and the ethical governance of dual-use research.

Classical Sufi metaphysics posits a hierarchy of existence — from dense matter to pure intellect — that parallels modern physics' spectrum from particle to field to consciousness. The concept of wujud (being) in Ibn Arabi's tradition offers a framework for understanding non-local correlations and the relationship between observer and observed.